Imibuzo lapho ukhuluma ngama-PPD
Uma ucubungula ukusetshenziswa kwe-Pour Point Depressants (PPDs) maqondana nokusatshalaliswa kwenombolo yekhabhoni yokuqukethwe kwe-wax kuwoyela ongahluziwe, kucatshangelwa izinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:
Ukusabalalisa Inombolo Yekhabhoni
1.Izinga Lokushisa Lokubukeka Kwewax (WAT) kanye Nephuzu Lokuthela:
Ukusatshalaliswa kwenombolo yekhabhoni kuthinta ngqo i-WAT nendawo yokuthela uwoyela. Ama-wax anezinombolo zekhabhoni ephakeme (amaketanga amade) avame ukuba namaphuzu aphezulu ancibilika, ngaleyo ndlela aqina emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, awenze abe yinkinga kakhulu ezimeni ezibandayo. Ama-PPD akhethwa ngokusekelwe ekhonweni lawo lokushintsha ukuziphatha kokucwebezela kwalawa ma-wax, ikakhulukazi lawo anezinombolo zekhabhoni lapho ukusabalalisa kuphakama khona (20-30 esimweni sakho).
2. Ukusebenzisana nama-PPD:
Ama-PPD asebenza ngokuhlanganisa ama-wax kapharafini ukuze akhe amakristalu amancane, axhumene kancane, angahlali kalula. Ukusebenza kwe-PPD kungahluka kuye ngesisindo samangqamuzana ama-wax esebenzisana nawo. Ama-PPD enzelwe ama-wax kububanzi be-C20-C30 angase angasebenzi kahle kuma-wax anezinombolo zekhabhoni eziphakeme kakhulu.
3.Ukuvumelana nokuncibilika:
Ama-wax ezinombolo zekhabhoni ephakeme awancibilika kancane kuwoyela ongahluziwe emazingeni okushisa aphansi ngenxa yamaphuzu awo aphezulu ancibilika. Ukukhethwa kwe-PPD kufanele kucabangele ukuhambisana nalawa ma-hydrocarbon amaketanga amade ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlakazeka okusebenzayo noma ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-wax.
4.Umthamo kanye Nezomnotho:
Ngokuvamile, ama-wax anezinombolo zekhabhoni ephakeme angase adinge imithamo ephezulu ye-PPD ukuze afinyelele izinga elifanayo lokunciphisa iphuzu lokuthela ngenxa yokuncibilika okuphansi kwawo kanye namaphuzu aphakeme ancibilikayo. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela kwezomnotho zokwelashwa, njengoba amanani aphezulu okungezwa angadingeka, kukhushulwe izindleko.
Ubunzima bokukhipha i-wax nge-High Carbon Count
1.Izinselele Zokunyibilika: Ama-wax anezibalo eziphezulu zekhabhoni anzima kakhulu ukuwagcina esisombululo, ikakhulukazi njengoba izinga lokushisa lehla. Amathuba amaningi okuthi acwebezele futhi abeke ezindongeni zamapayipi, okuholela ekuvinjweni.
2.Isilinganiso se-PPD Esikhulisiwe: Ngempela, inani eliphakeme lokungezwa le-PPD lingase lidingeke kuma-wax anezinombolo zekhabhoni ephezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uma iketango le-hydrocarbon lide, aba namandla amandla e-intermolecular (njenge-van der Waals) adinga ukunqotshwa ukuze ahlakazeke ngempumelelo noma avinjwe.
3.Isakhiwo Sekhemikhali se-PPD: Ukusebenza kwe-PPD kuma-wax enombolo ye-carbon ephezulu nakho kuncike ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali. Ama-PPD anamaketanga amade aseceleni angase asebenze kangcono ekusebenzelaneni nala ma-molecule amade kapharafini.
Izindlela Zemishini: Ngezinye izikhathi, ngisho nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, izindlela ezingokomzimba ezifana nokushisisa noma ukuklwebha ngomshini kungase kudingeke ukuze ubhekane nediphozithi ye-wax yenombolo yekhabhoni ephezulu ngenxa yokuqina nokuncibilika kwazo.
Inombolo Yekhabhoni Ephezulu - Inani Lokwengezwa Okuphezulu?
Yebo, kuvame ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinombolo zekhabhoni ephezulu kanye nesidingo sokugxila okuphezulu kwe-PPD. Lokhu okokuqinisekisa amasayithi asebenzayo anele okuhlanganisa amakristalu noma ukuhlinzeka ngamakhono anele wokuhlakaza. Nokho, lokhu akuwona umthetho ojwayelekile njengoba inani eliqondile lingancika kulokhu:
Ikhemikhali ethile ye-PPD (ezinye zisebenza kahle kakhulu ekugxilweni okuphansi).
Uwoyela ongahluziwe usuwonke ungaphezu kokuqukethwe kukapharafini.
Izimo zokusebenza ezifana nephrofayili yezinga lokushisa, izinga lokugeleza, nezinto zamapayipi.
Kafushane, kuyilapho ama-PPD engenziwa ngendlela efanele noma akhethwe ngokusekelwe ekusabalaliseni kwenombolo yekhabhoni, ukubhekana nama-wax wokubala kwekhabhoni ephakeme kuvame ukudinga ukwelashwa okuyinkimbinkimbi noma okuphakeme kakhulu, okungaba yinselele ngokobuchwepheshe nangokomnotho. Ukuqonda iphrofayili ye-wax kawoyela ongahluziwe kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kwe-PPD nokuphatha izindaba eziphathelene ne-wax ngendlela efanele.
Ukucatshangelwa Okujwayelekile Uma usebenzisa ama-PPD:
Ukuhlola Ukuhambisana:Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa okusabalele, ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi ama-PPD asebenzisana kanjani nama-asphaltenes, ama-colloid, nezikali kumasampuli athile kawoyela ongahluziwe. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuhlola izinguquko ku-WAT, indawo yokuthulula, i-viscosity, nokuzinza kokumiswa kwe-asphaltene.
Umthamo kanye Nokwakhiwa: Umthamo we-PPD ungase udinge ukulungiswa ngokusekelwe enkingeni yokwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe. Ngezinye izikhathi, inhlanganisela yezithako (isb., ama-wax inhibitors, ama-asphaltene dispersants, nama-scale inhibitors) ingase idingeke, idinge ukwakheka okubhekana nezinkinga eziningi ngaphandle kokusebenzelana okubi.
Izinga lokushisa kanye nemiphumela yokucindezela:Ukuziphatha kwe-asphaltines, ama-colloid, nezikali kushintsha ngokushisa nokucindezela. Ama-PPD kufanele asebenze kulo lonke ibanga lokusebenza, kucatshangelwa ukuthi lezi zici zingakushintsha kanjani ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-PPD nezinye izingxenye zikawoyela.
Ukuqapha kanye nokulungiswa:Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuziphatha kwamafutha ngemva kokufakwa kwe-PPD kubalulekile. Ukulungiswa kohlobo lwe-PPD noma ukugxilisa ingqondo kungase kudingeke ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni okuphawuliwe noma izinguquko ezicini zikawoyela ongahluziwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Sekukonke, kuyilapho ama-PPD ngokuyinhloko esetshenziselwa ukuphatha izinkinga ze-wax, ukusetshenziswa kwawo ezinhlelweni zamafutha angcolile ane-asphaltenes ebalulekile, ama-colloid, kanye nesilinganiso se-inorganic kudinga indlela ephelele, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwelashwa akukhulisi inkinga eyodwa ngenkathi kuxazulula enye.
Kungani kufanele kubhekwe ingxenye yaManzi lapho ukhetha isisabalalisi sephoyinti lokuthela?
Lapho ukhetha i-disperser point point, ukucabangela ingxenye yamanzi ekhona kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziningana:
ØUkusebenza Kwe-Disperant: Izisabalalisi zamaphoyinti zisebenza ngokushintsha amakristalu e-wax akheka emafutheni emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ukuwavimbela ekuxhumaneni ndawonye abe yinethiwekhi ezoqinisa uwoyela. Ukuba khona kwamanzi kungathinta amandla okuncibilika kanye nokuhlakazeka kwalezi zithako. Uma okuqukethwe kwamanzi kuphezulu, kungase kunciphise ukusebenza kwe-dispersant, kudinga ukwakheka okungasebenza ngempumelelo kungxube kawoyela wamanzi noma leyo ekwazi ukuphatha ama-emulsions.
ØUkuhambisana Namanzi:Amanye ama-depressant point aklanyelwe ukusebenza ezindaweni lapho amanzi engase abe khona, njengasezindaweni zasolwandle noma lapho kusebenza khona uwoyela ongahluziwe oqukethe amanzi. Lawa ma-dispersants kumele akhethwe noma akhiwe ukuze alondoloze ukusebenza kahle kwawo ngisho nalapho amanzi ekhona, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi asengakwazi ukusebenzisana kahle namakristalu e-wax.
ØUmthelela ku-Pour Point:Ukuba khona kwamanzi kungathonya iphuzu lokuthulula lamafutha ngokwalo ngenxa yokwakheka kwama-emulsion noma izinguquko ezicini zomzimba zamafutha. Ukuqonda okuqukethwe kwamanzi kusiza ekukhetheni i-dispersant enganciphisa ngempumelelo indawo yokuthela ngaphansi kwalezo zimo ezithile. Isibonelo, uma amanzi ekhona, ungase udinge i-dispersant nayo enezakhiwo zokuphatha noma zokunciphisa imithelela yamanzi ezindaweni zokugeleza kukawoyela emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
ØUkuvimbela I-Sedimentation kanye Nokuvimbela:Amanzi amaningi angaholela ekushiseni noma ekuvinjweni lapho exutshwe namafutha, ikakhulukazi uma i-disperant ingakhethwanga ngendlela efanele. I-dispersant ekwazi ukuphatha noma ukusebenzisa amanzi akhona ukuvimbela izinkinga ezinjalo iyazuzisa. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimeni lapho uwoyela kufanele ugeleze emazingeni okushisa aphansi, njengamapayipi noma kumasistimu kaphethiloli ngesikhathi sezulu esibandayo.
ØUkuphepha Kwemvelo Nokusebenza:Ezicelweni lapho uwoyela ungase uhlangane namanzi, njengasezindaweni zasolwandle noma ngesikhathi sokuchitheka kukawoyela, i-dispersant akumele isebenze kahle kuphela kodwa futhi ivikeleke endaweni ezungezile. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-dispersant, uwoyela, namanzi kungathinta indlela lezi zinto eziziphatha ngayo endaweni ezungezile, ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela emisebenzini yokuhlanza kanye nomthelela wemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, ukucabangela isilinganiso samanzi lapho ukhetha i-disperant point point kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-disperant izokwenza kahle ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokusetshenziswa, igcine uketshezi lwamafutha, futhi ihambisane nanoma yikuphi ukucatshangelwa kwemvelo.
Izifunda zikawoyela ongahluziwe ezinopharafini ophezulu
Amafutha angahluziwe anopharafini omningi atholakala ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi lapho ukwakheka kukawoyela kuyizimpawu ezithile ze-geological ezivumela ukubekwa kukapharafini. Nazi ezinye izindawo ezaziwa ngokukhiqiza uwoyela ongahluziwe omningi kapharafini:
I-united states:
I-Pennsylvania: Yaziwa ngokomlando ngamafutha ayo angcolile kapharafini, ikakhulukazi asuka e-Appalachian Basin.
I-Texas: Ezinye izinkambu, ikakhulukazi e-Permian Basin, zikhiqiza amafutha anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwepharafini.
California: Amafutha athile aseCalifornia, ikakhulukazi asuka eSan Joaquin Valley, angaba namazinga abalulekile kapharafini.
I-Russia:
I-Tatarstan: Insimu kawoyela ye-Romashkinskoe yaziwa ngamafutha ayo angcolile kapharafini.
Isifunda sase-Samara: Amafutha asuka kule ndawo, ikakhulukazi asuka kuma-Carboniferous and Devonian reservoirs, aziwa ngokuba nopharafini omningi.
I-Vietnam:
I-Diamond Field, Block 01 & 02 Offshore: Lo mkhakha ukhiqiza uwoyela ongahluziwe onopharafini omningi, okuholela ezinseleleni zokuhamba ngenxa yokufakwa kwe-wax.
I-Kyrgyzstan:
I-Maly-Su Oil Field: Lo mkhakha uphawulelwe ngamafutha angcolile anezingxenye ezibalulekile zikapharafini.
I-Brazil:
Isendlalelo Sosawoti Wangaphambi Kosawoti: Amanye amafutha angcolile avela ezingqimbeni zangaphambi kukasawoti waseBrazil atholakale equkethe amanani aphezulu kapharafini.
Emaphakathi Mpumalanga:
I-Abu Dhabi: Inkambu ye-Zakum phakathi kwezinye ikhiqiza okungcolile okunopharafini ophawulekayo.
Kazakhstan:
Izinkambu ezimbalwa e-Kazakhstan zaziwa ngokukhiqiza uwoyela ongahluziwe we-waxy, odinga izindlela ezithile zokuphatha kanye nokucwengisiswa.
Izinga eliphezulu likapharafini kulezi zifunda kuvame ukuba ngenxa yezimo zejoloji zamathangi kawoyela, njengokuba khona kwezingqimba zasendulo ze-sedimentary ezinothe ngezinto eziphilayo, okuthe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zaguquka zaba ama-hydrocarbon epharafini. Lawa mafutha angabangela izinselele ekukhiqizeni nasekuthuthweni ngenxa yokuthambekela kwawo ekwenzeni idiphozithi ye-wax emazingeni okushisa aphansi, angavala amapayipi futhi athinte ukugeleza.
Lolu lwazi luthathwe ocwaningweni oluhlukahlukene kanye nemibiko yokwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe, okuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini nje:
Amafutha ase-Russian nase-Kyrgyzstan: Okuqukethwe kukapharafini kuwoyela ongahluziwe avela kulezi zifunda kuhlolisisiwe ngomthelela wawo ekukhiqizweni nasekucwengisweni kukawoyela.
Amafutha aseBrazil: Ukuhlaziywa kukapharafini wesisindo samangqamuzana aphezulu kuwoyela ongahluziwe waseBrazil kubhaliwe.
Amafutha ase-US kanye naseMpumalanga Ephakathi: Izigaba ezijwayelekile kanye nedatha yensimu ethile.
I-Vietnam: Ukukhulunywa ngokuqondile ngezindaba zikapharafini zenkundla yeDayimane.
Khumbula, nakuba lezi zindawo zaziwa ngokuba nopharafini ophakeme, ukwakheka kwawo kungahluka kakhulu ngisho nasezifundeni ezifanayo noma endaweni ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kokwakheka komhlaba.
YouzhuCHEM
Ukunciphisa i-viscosity ukwehlisa izindleko zokusebenza
Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe ophakathi nendawo, osindayo, kanye nosindayo kakhulu kungase kudinge ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ezinqubweni zokukhuphula nezokuthutha ngenxa yokuthi lawa manzi abonakala kakhulu emazingeni okushisa asendaweni. Ama-emulsions aqinile angabonisa i-viscosity eyeqisayo, okuholela ezinseleleni zokukhiqiza nezokuthutha.
YouzhuCHEMbaye bahlakulela amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene anciphisa i-viscosity yalezi ketshezi zokuphakamisa, ukucubungula, nokuthutha, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe izindleko zokusebenza nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokukhiqiza.Abathuthukisi bokugeleza kanye nabanciphisa i-viscosity banganciphisa i-viscosity ngokuphawulekayo, kuye ngokuthi izimbangela zokwanda kwe-viscosity, uhlobo lwamakhemikhali, kanye nesistimu yokukhiqiza.
