Imibuzo lapho kukhulunywa ngama-PPD
Uma kucatshangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-Pour Point Depressants (PPDs) maqondana nokusatshalaliswa kwenani lekhabhoni kokuqukethwe kwe-wax ku-oyili ongahluziwe, kunezinto eziningana ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe:
Ukusatshalaliswa Kwenombolo Yekhabhoni
1. Izinga Lokushisa Lokubonakala Kwe-Wax (WAT) kanye Nephuzu Lokuthela:
Ukusatshalaliswa kwenombolo yekhabhoni kuthinta ngqo i-WAT kanye nephuzu lokuthulula uwoyela. Ama-waxes anezinombolo zekhabhoni eziphakeme (amaketanga amade) avame ukuba namaphuzu okuncibilika aphezulu, ngakho-ke ayaqina emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okwenza abe yinkinga kakhulu ezimweni ezibandayo. Ama-PPD akhethwa ngokusekelwe ekhonweni lawo lokushintsha ukuziphatha kwe-crystallization yala ma-waxes, ikakhulukazi lawo anezinombolo zekhabhoni lapho ukusatshalaliswa kufinyelela khona phezulu (20-30 esimweni sakho).
2. Ukusebenzisana nama-PPD:
Ama-PPD asebenza ngokufaka i-crystallizing nama-paraffin waxes ukuze akhe amakristalu amancane, angaxhumene kakhulu, angahlali kalula. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-PPD kungahluka ngokuya ngesisindo sama-molecule ama-waxes asebenzisana nawo. Ama-PPD enzelwe ama-waxes ku-C20-C30 range kungenzeka angasebenzi kahle kuma-waxes anezinombolo zekhabhoni eziphakeme kakhulu.
3. Ukuhambisana kanye nokuncibilika:
Ama-wax anenani eliphezulu lekhabhoni awancibiliki kakhulu ku-oyili ongahluziwe emazingeni okushisa aphansi ngenxa yamaphuzu awo aphezulu okuncibilika. Ukukhetha i-PPD kumele kucabangele ukuhambisana nalawa ma-hydrocarbon amade ukuqinisekisa ukuhlakazeka okuphumelelayo noma ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-wax.
4. Isilinganiso kanye Nezomnotho:
Ngokuvamile, ama-wax anezinombolo zekhabhoni eziphakeme angadinga imithamo ephezulu ye-PPD ukuze afinyelele izinga elifanayo lokunciphisa iphuzu lokuthulula ngenxa yokuncibilika kwawo okuphansi kanye namaphuzu aphezulu okuncibilika. Lokhu kungathinta umnotho wokwelashwa, njengoba kungadingeka inani elikhulu lezithasiselo, okwandisa izindleko.
Ubunzima Ekususeni I-Wax Ene-Carbon Eningi
1. Izinselele Zokuncibilika: Ama-waxes anenani eliphezulu lekhabhoni kunzima kakhulu ukuwagcina esixazululweni, ikakhulukazi njengoba izinga lokushisa lehla. Anamathuba amaningi okubumba amakristalu futhi abekeke ezindongeni zamapayipi, okuholela ekuvinjweni.
2. Umthamo we-PPD Owengeziwe: Ngempela, inani eliphakeme lokwengeza le-PPD lingadingeka kuma-wax anezinombolo zekhabhoni ephezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uma uchungechunge lwe-hydrocarbon lude, kulapho amandla aphakathi kwama-molecule (njengo-van der Waals) adinga ukunqotshwa ukuze kuhlakazeke noma kuvinjelwe ngempumelelo.
3. Isakhiwo Samakhemikhali se-PPD: Ukusebenza kahle kwe-PPD kuma-wax anenani eliphezulu lekhabhoni nakho kuncike ekwakhiweni kwayo kwamakhemikhali. Ama-PPD anezintambo ezinde eziseceleni angase asebenze kangcono ekusebenzisaneni nalawa ma-molecule amade e-paraffin.
Izindlela Zokusebenza: Ngezinye izikhathi, ngisho nangokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, izindlela ezibonakalayo ezifana nokushisa noma ukuklwebha ngomshini zingadingeka ekubhekaneni nama-wax amaningi anenani lekhabhoni ngenxa yokuqina kwawo kanye namaphuzu aphezulu okuncibilika.
Inombolo Yekhabhoni Ephakeme - Inani Eliphezulu Lokwengeza?
Yebo, kuvame ukuba nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinombolo zekhabhoni eziphakeme kanye nesidingo samazinga aphezulu e-PPD. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa izindawo ezanele ezisebenzayo zokuhlanganisa i-crystallization noma ukuhlinzeka ngamakhono okusabalalisa anele. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuwona umthetho ojwayelekile njengoba inani eliqondile lingancika naku:
I-chemistry ethize ye-PPD (eminye isebenza kahle kakhulu uma iphansi).
Ukwakheka okuphelele kwamafutha aluhlaza kungaphezu nje kokuqukethwe kweparafini.
Izimo zokusebenza ezifana nephrofayili yokushisa, izinga lokugeleza, kanye nezinto zombhobho.
Ngamafuphi, yize ama-PPD engenziwa ngokwezifiso noma akhethwe ngokusekelwe ekusatshalalisweni kwenani lekhabhoni, ukubhekana nama-wax anenani eliphezulu lekhabhoni kuvame ukudinga ukwelashwa okuyinkimbinkimbi noma okuphezulu, okungaba yinselele kwezobuchwepheshe nakwezomnotho. Ukuqonda iphrofayili ye-wax kawoyela ongahluziwe kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kwe-PPD nokuphatha izinkinga ezihlobene ne-wax ngempumelelo.
Izinto Okufanele Uzicabangele Uma Usebenzisa Ama-PPD:
Ukuhlolwa Kokuhambisana: Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kabanzi, kufanele kwenziwe ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi ama-PPD asebenzisana kanjani nama-asphaltene, ama-colloid, kanye nezikali kumasampula athile kawoyela ongahluziwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola izinguquko ku-WAT, iphuzu lokuthulula, i-viscosity, kanye nokuzinza kokumiswa kwe-asphaltene.
Isilinganiso Nokwakheka: Isilinganiso se-PPD singadinga ukulungiswa ngokusekelwe ebunzimeni bokwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe. Ngezinye izikhathi, inhlanganisela yezithasiselo (isb., izithibi ze-wax, izihlanzi ze-asphaltene, kanye nezithibi zesikali) ingadingeka, okudinga ukwakheka okubhekana nezinkinga eziningi ngaphandle kokuxhumana okubi.
Imiphumela Yokushisa Nokucindezela: Ukuziphatha kwama-asphaltene, ama-colloid, kanye nezikali kuyashintsha ngokushisa kanye nengcindezi. Ama-PPD kumele asebenze kahle kulo lonke ibanga lokusebenza, kucatshangelwa ukuthi lezi zici zingase zishintshe kanjani ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-PPD nezinye izingxenye zamafutha.
Ukuqapha Nokulungisa: Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuziphatha kwamafutha ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwe-PPD kubalulekile. Ukulungiswa kohlobo lwe-PPD noma ukuhlushwa kungadingeka ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni okubonwe noma izinguquko ezicini zikawoyela ongahluziwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Sekukonke, yize ama-PPD esetshenziswa kakhulu ukuphatha izinkinga ze-wax, ukusetshenziswa kwawo ezinhlelweni zikawoyela ongahluziwe ezine-asphaltenes ebalulekile, ama-colloid, kanye nesilinganiso se-inorganic kudinga indlela ephelele, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwelashwa akukwenzi inkinga eyodwa ibe yimbi kakhulu ngenkathi kulungiswa enye.
Kungani kufanele kucatshangelwe isilinganiso samanzi lapho kukhethwa i-Pour point dispersant?
Uma ukhetha i-dispersant ye-pour point, ukucabangela isilinganiso samanzi akhona kubalulekile ngezizathu eziningana:
ØUkusebenza kahle kwe-Dispersant: Izihlanzisi ze-Pour point zisebenza ngokushintsha amakristalu e-wax akha emafutheni emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ziwavimbele ukuthi angaxhumani abe yinethiwekhi ezoqinisa uwoyela. Ukuba khona kwamanzi kungathinta amandla okuncibilika kanye nokuhlakazeka kwalezi zithasiselo. Uma okuqukethwe kwamanzi kuphezulu, kungase kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kwesihlanzisi, kudinge ukwakheka okungasebenza kahle engxubeni yamafutha namanzi noma engaphatha ama-emulsion.
ØUkuhambisana namanzi:Ezinye izidakamizwa zokunciphisa i-pour point zenzelwe ngqo ukusebenza ezindaweni lapho kungase kube khona amanzi, njengasezintweni zasolwandle noma lapho kusetshenziswa uwoyela ongahluziwe oqukethe amanzi. Lezi zidakamizwa kumele zikhethwe noma zenziwe ukuze zigcine ukusebenza kwazo ngisho noma amanzi ekhona, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zisakwazi ukusebenzisana kahle namakristalu e-wax.
ØUmthelela ku-Pour Point:Ukuba khona kwamanzi kungathonya iphuzu lokuthulula uwoyela ngokwawo ngenxa yokwakheka kwama-emulsion noma izinguquko ezimpahleni zomzimba zamafutha. Ukuqonda okuqukethwe kwamanzi kusiza ekukhetheni i-dispersant enganciphisa ngempumelelo iphuzu lokuthulula ngaphansi kwalezo zimo ezithile. Isibonelo, uma amanzi ekhona, ungase udinge i-dispersant enezakhiwo zokuphatha noma zokunciphisa imiphumela yamanzi ezimpahleni zokugeleza kwawoyela emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
ØUkuvimbela Ukuchitheka Kwenhlabathi Nokuvinjelwa Kwayo: Ukuqukethwe kwamanzi amaningi kungaholela ekuqhekekeni noma ekuvinjweni lapho kuxutshwa namafutha, ikakhulukazi uma i-dispersant ingakhethwanga kahle. I-dispersant engakwazi ukuphatha noma ukusebenzisa amanzi akhona ukuvimbela izinkinga ezinjalo iyasiza. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni lapho amafutha kufanele ageleze khona emazingeni okushisa aphansi, njengasemapayipini noma ezinhlelweni zikaphethiloli ngesikhathi sezulu esibandayo.
ØUkuphepha Kwezemvelo Nokusebenza: Ezisetshenzisweni lapho uwoyela ungase uthintane namanzi, njengasezindaweni zasolwandle noma ngesikhathi sokuchitheka kukawoyela, umsabalalisi akumele nje usebenze kahle kodwa futhi uphephe emvelweni. Ukusebenzisana phakathi komsabalalisi, uwoyela, namanzi kungathinta indlela lezi zinto eziziphatha ngayo emvelweni, ngaleyo ndlela kuthonye imisebenzi yokuhlanza kanye nomthelela emvelweni.
Ngakho-ke, ukucabangela isilinganiso samanzi lapho ukhetha i-pour point dispersant kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-dispersant izosebenza kahle ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokusetshenziswa, igcine ukugeleza kukawoyela, futhi ihambisane nanoma yiziphi izinto ezicatshangelwayo zemvelo.
Izindawo zamafutha angcolile anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-paraffin
Amafutha angcolile anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-parafini atholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi lapho ukwakheka kwamafutha kunezimpawu ezithile ze-geological ezivumela ukufakwa kwe-parafini. Nazi ezinye izindawo ezaziwa ngokukhiqiza amafutha angcolile anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-parafini:
I-united states:
IPennsylvania: Yaziwa ngokomlando ngamafutha ayo aluhlaza e-paraffinic, ikakhulukazi avela e-Appalachian Basin.
I-Texas: Amanye amasimu, ikakhulukazi ePermian Basin, akhiqiza uwoyela oqukethe i-paraffin ephezulu.
I-California: Amafutha athile aseCalifornia, ikakhulukazi avela eSan Joaquin Valley, angaba namazinga aphezulu e-paraffin.
IRussia:
I-Tatarstan: Insimu kawoyela yaseRomashkinskoe iyaziwa ngamafutha ayo angcolile e-paraffinic.
Isifunda saseSamara: Amafutha avela kule ndawo, ikakhulukazi avela emachibini eCarboniferous naseDevonian, aziwa ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kweparafini.
IVietnam:
I-Diamond Field, iBlock 01 kanye ne-02 Offshore: Le nsimu ikhiqiza uwoyela ongahluziwe onokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-paraffin, okuholela ezinseleleni zokuthutha ngenxa yokufakwa kwe-wax.
I-Kyrgyzstan:
Insimu Kawoyela YaseMaily-Su: Le nsimu iphawulwe ngamafutha aluhlaza anezingxenye ezibalulekile zeparafini.
IBrazil:
Isendlalelo Sangaphambi Kosawoti: Amanye amafutha aluhlaza avela ezisendlalelo zangaphambi kosawoti zaseBrazil atholakale equkethe inani elikhulu leparafini.
Emaphakathi Mpumalanga:
I-Abu Dhabi: Insimu yeZakum phakathi kwezinye ikhiqiza i-crude enokuqukethwe okuphawulekayo kwe-paraffin.
IKazakhstan:
Amasimu amaningana eKazakhstan ayaziwa ngokukhiqiza uwoyela ongahluziwe ofana ne-wax, okudinga amasu athile okuphatha nokucwenga.
Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-parafini kulezi zifunda kuvame ukubangelwa izimo ze-geological zama-oil reservoirs, njengokuba khona kwezingqimba zasendulo ze-sedimentary ezicebile ngezinto eziphilayo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, eziye zaguquka zaba ama-hydrocarbon e-paraffinic. Lawa mafutha angadala izinselele ekukhiqizweni nasekuthuthweni ngenxa yokuthambekela kwawo ekwakheni ama-wax deposits emazingeni okushisa aphansi, okungavimba amapayipi futhi kuthinte ukugeleza kwamanzi.
Lolu lwazi luthathwe ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene kanye nemibiko ngokwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe, okuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini lapho:
Amafutha aseRussia naseKyrgyzstan: Okuqukethwe kwe-parafini kumafutha aluhlaza avela kulezi zifunda kuye kwacwaningwa ngomthelela wawo ekukhiqizweni nasekuhluzweni kwamafutha.
Amafutha aseBrazil: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-paraffin enesisindo esikhulu sama-molecule kumafutha angcolile aseBrazil kuye kwabhalwa phansi.
Amafutha ase-US naseMpumalanga Ephakathi: Ukuhlukaniswa okuvamile kanye nedatha ethile yensimu.
IVietnam: Ukukhulunywa ngqo ngezinkinga zepharafini zensimu yedayimane.
Khumbula, yize lezi zindawo zaziwa ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-parafini, ukwakheka okuqondile kungahluka kakhulu ngisho nangaphakathi kwesifunda noma insimu efanayo ngenxa yokwehluka kwesimo sendawo.
YouzhuCHEM
Ukunciphisa ukujiya ukuze kwehliswe izindleko zokusebenza
Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe ophakathi nendawo, osindayo, nosindayo kakhulu kungadinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ezinqubweni zokuphakamisa nezokuthutha ngoba lawa ma-fluid aqinile kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ama-emulsion aqinile nawo angaveza ukuxinana okukhulu, okuholela ezinseleleni zokukhiqiza nezokuthutha.
YouzhuCHEM basungule uhla lwamakhemikhali anciphisa ukujiya kwalezi ziketshezi zokuphakamisa, ukucubungula, kanye nokuthutha, ngaleyo ndlela banciphise izindleko zokusebenza futhi bathuthukise ukusebenza kokukhiqiza. Izinto ezithuthukisa ukugeleza kanye nezinto ezinciphisa ukujiya zinganciphisa ukujiya kakhulu, kuye ngezimbangela zokwanda kokujiya, uhlobo lwekhemistri, kanye nohlelo lokukhiqiza.
